EU regulation vs directive

What EU regulation vs directive means

Under Article 288 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, a regulation is binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all member states, as with the GDPR. A directive is binding as to the result to be achieved but leaves each state to choose how, through national implementing law.

For research this matters: for a regulation you read the EU text; for a directive you also need the national law that implements it, which can differ between countries.

In Consilena

Consilena covers EU law, including regulations such as the GDPR and the AI Act. Austria, the Netherlands, Spain and Italy are covered through EU law only, not their national law.